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sician-patient communication are modifiable areas to improve patient satisfaction. Further intervention studies focusing on the modifiable areas are needed to increase patient satisfaction in pediatric urology. Beyond the small intestine, coeliac disease (CeD) may affect other gastrointestinal tracts, including the stomach. However, various studies have reported conflicting results regarding the association between CeD and gastric manifestations. The aim of this study was to analyze the existing literature on gastric involvement in CeD. A literature search was conducted in bibliographic databases of Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies reporting the association between CeD and gastric disorders were examined in detail and are fully described in the review. Both in children and adults, a strong correlation between lymphocytic gastritis and CeD was found at CeD diagnosis, and lymphocytic gastritis seemed to improve on a gluten-free diet. Most of the literature described a lower risk of gastritis related to Helicobacter pylori infection in CeD subjects compared to controls. However, due to the discordance among studies in terms of study design and population, a clear association could not be determined. Finally, the relationship between CeD and reflux or dyspepsia has yet to be defined, as well as the association between CeD and autoimmune gastritis. CeD appears to be a multiform entity associated with different gastric disorders with a different degree of relationship. Thus, gastric biopsies should be routinely taken during upper endoscopy in CeD patients. Introduced wildlife may be important alternative hosts for generalist ticks that cause health issues for humans and companion animals in urban areas, but to date are rarely considered as part of the tick-host community compared to native wildlife. In Australia, European rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, are a widespread and abundant invasive species common to a range of human-modified ecosystems. To understand the potential role of rabbits in the life cycle of Australian ticks, we investigated the seasonal abundance of all tick life stages (larva, nymph, and adult) on rabbits collected from pest control programs in two urban forest remnants in Sydney, Australia. We also recorded whether larvae, nymphs, and adults were attached to the head, body, or limbs of rabbits to reveal patterns of tick attachment. Of the 2426 Ixodes ticks collected from 42 rabbits, larvae were by far the most abundant life stage (2360), peaking in abundance in autumn, while small numbers of nymphs (62) and adults (4) were present in winter and summer respectively. Larvae were found all over the body, whereas adults and nymphs were predominantly attached to the head, suggesting that the mature life stages use the host landscape differently, or that adults or nymphs may be groomed off the body. The most abundant tick species, as determined by morphology and DNA sequencing, was Ixodes holocyclus, a generalist tick responsible for significant human and companion animal health concerns in Australia. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the role of introduced wildlife in tick dynamics particularly in novel ecosystems where non-native hosts may be more abundant than native hosts. BACKGROUND Pharmacists' role in vaccination has expanded in some countries with pharmacists having greater authority to perform various immunization activities, from vaccine storage, vaccine adverse event reporting, vaccination education and advocacy, to vaccine administration. However, pharmacists' present involvement in vaccination services is poorly understood across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). OBJECTIVE To identify and synthesize evidence on pharmacists' roles in offering vaccination services in LMICs. METHODS We searched three databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus) and the gray literature to identify articles which described pharmacist involvement in vaccination services in LMICs. We abstracted data on reported roles of pharmacists in vaccination, as well as relevant country, vaccines, and populations served. RESULTS From the initial 612 records we identified, twenty-five (n = 25) studies representing 25 LMICs met our inclusion criteria. The most commonly reported role of pharmacists in vaccination across identified LMICs was vaccine advocacy and education (n = 15 countries). Pharmacist administered vaccination and storage of vaccines at pharmacies was reported in 8 countries. An additional 6 countries reported allowing vaccination at community pharmacies by other healthcare professionals. selleck chemicals Immunization related training for pharmacists was reported or required in 8 countries. Fewer studies reported that pharmacists have access to patient immunization records in their respective LMICs (n = 6 countries) or had reported pharmacist involvement in vaccine adverse event reporting (n = 4 countries). CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists have the potential to play an important role in increasing access to vaccines and improving coverage, yet evidence of their role in vaccinations remains limited across LMICs. Greater documentation of pharmacists' involvement in vaccination services in LMICs is needed to demonstrate the value of successful integration of pharmacists in immunization programs. BACKGROUND The programmed death receptor (PD-1) and ligand (PD-L1) pathway act by suppressing the antitumor response in chronic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of PD-1, PD-L1, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positivity on prognosis at the initial diagnosis of cHL. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-six patients with cHL were retrospectively analyzed. PD-L1 staining was performed for RS cells and tumor microenvironment in the biopsy materials of cases. The presence of EBV was investigated by EBER (EBV-encoded RNA) method in tumor cell. P  less then .05 was accepted as significant. RESULTS The presence of advanced-stage disease, B symptoms, intermediate or high-risk international prognostic index (IPS), and extranodal involvement were found to be related to both PD-L1 positivity and EBV positivity in RS cells. PD-L1 positivity in RS cells was also associated with EBV positivity. There were 6 (16.7%) triple-positive (EBV+, RS-PD-L1+, mic-PD-1+) patients. All of these patients had advanced-stage disease, B symptoms at the time of diagnosis, and intermediate-high IPS score, and 4 of 6 patients had extranodal involvement.